Live market readings · refreshed on loadAlameda County · CAMedian List$1.1M-5.7%|Atlanta · GAMedian List$456K+4.1%|Broward County · FLMedian List$432K-2.8%|Clark County · NVMedian List$469K+5.4%|Cook County · ILMedian List$389K+5.1%|Cuyahoga County · OHMedian List$234K+11.0%|Davidson County · TNMedian List$481K+0.1%|District of Columbia · DCMedian List$684K-0.7%|Duval County · FLMedian List$297K-2.3%|Fairfax County · VAMedian List$749K-0.8%|Fort Bend County · TXMedian List$370K-2.6%|Franklin County · OHMedian List$320K+3.2%|Hennepin County · MNMedian List$387K+1.8%|Hillsborough County · FLMedian List$400K-0.2%|Jackson County · MOMedian List$275K+7.0%|King County · WAMedian List$847K-4.3%|Los Angeles · CAMedian List$1.1M-1.4%|Marion County · INMedian List$259K+0.6%|Mecklenburg County · NCMedian List$469K+0.8%|Miami · FLMedian List$650K+2.3%|Milwaukee County · WIMedian List$275K+5.9%|Multnomah County · ORMedian List$518K-1.2%|New York County · NYMedian List$1.2M-5.5%|Orange County · CAMedian List$1.3M+2.5%|Orange County · Orlando · FLMedian List$449K+2.7%|Palm Beach County · FLMedian List$513K+8.6%|Philadelphia County · PAMedian List$300K+4.1%|Phoenix · AZMedian List$460K+1.7%|Queens County · NYMedian List$795K+1.9%|Riverside County · CAMedian List$623K+3.0%|Salt Lake County · UTMedian List$550K+1.9%|San Diego County · CAMedian List$999K+5.2%|San Francisco County · CAMedian List$1.7M+15.6%|Santa Clara County · CAMedian List$1.9M-0.6%|Shelby County · TNMedian List$259K-2.4%|St. Louis City · MOMedian List$312K+3.6%|Suffolk County · MAMedian List$810K+1.0%|Wake County · NCMedian List$458K-6.4%|Wayne County · MIMedian List$224K+4.3%|Williamson County · TXMedian List$431K-2.1%|Live market readings · refreshed on loadAlameda County · CAMedian List$1.1M-5.7%|Atlanta · GAMedian List$456K+4.1%|Broward County · FLMedian List$432K-2.8%|Clark County · NVMedian List$469K+5.4%|Cook County · ILMedian List$389K+5.1%|Cuyahoga County · OHMedian List$234K+11.0%|Davidson County · TNMedian List$481K+0.1%|District of Columbia · DCMedian List$684K-0.7%|Duval County · FLMedian List$297K-2.3%|Fairfax County · VAMedian List$749K-0.8%|Fort Bend County · TXMedian List$370K-2.6%|Franklin County · OHMedian List$320K+3.2%|Hennepin County · MNMedian List$387K+1.8%|Hillsborough County · FLMedian List$400K-0.2%|Jackson County · MOMedian List$275K+7.0%|King County · WAMedian List$847K-4.3%|Los Angeles · CAMedian List$1.1M-1.4%|Marion County · INMedian List$259K+0.6%|Mecklenburg County · NCMedian List$469K+0.8%|Miami · FLMedian List$650K+2.3%|Milwaukee County · WIMedian List$275K+5.9%|Multnomah County · ORMedian List$518K-1.2%|New York County · NYMedian List$1.2M-5.5%|Orange County · CAMedian List$1.3M+2.5%|Orange County · Orlando · FLMedian List$449K+2.7%|Palm Beach County · FLMedian List$513K+8.6%|Philadelphia County · PAMedian List$300K+4.1%|Phoenix · AZMedian List$460K+1.7%|Queens County · NYMedian List$795K+1.9%|Riverside County · CAMedian List$623K+3.0%|Salt Lake County · UTMedian List$550K+1.9%|San Diego County · CAMedian List$999K+5.2%|San Francisco County · CAMedian List$1.7M+15.6%|Santa Clara County · CAMedian List$1.9M-0.6%|Shelby County · TNMedian List$259K-2.4%|St. Louis City · MOMedian List$312K+3.6%|Suffolk County · MAMedian List$810K+1.0%|Wake County · NCMedian List$458K-6.4%|Wayne County · MIMedian List$224K+4.3%|Williamson County · TXMedian List$431K-2.1%|
Property-class scope
ARED ScoreMarket grade · state
as of Sep 11, 2026
B−
0 / ±100
neutral
−1000+100
Reason codes · heaviest factors
PM
Price momentum
+7.3% YoY median
+100
IS
Inventory & supply
4.1 months of supply
+50
PC
Price-cut pressure
21.4% of listings with a cut
-50
SL
Sale-to-list ratio
96.8% sale-to-list
-50
MS
Market sentiment
cautiously optimistic
-50

Provisional grade — derived from this report's measured data points; the county detector suite has not measured this geography yet. The measured ARED Score replaces it on the suite's next run.

State intel report · monthly refresh cycle
Track this state

Mississippi

refreshed Sep 11, 2026, 3:20 PMnext refresh due Sep 26, 2026
Market sentiment: cautiously optimistic

Mississippi's housing market demonstrates balanced, steady conditions, with median listing prices near $285,000 to $298,000 and home values appreciating modestly year-over-year. Rising active inventory has brought median days on market to 72 days, offering prospective buyers improved negotiating leverage while preserving equity for long-term homeowners. High-growth employment corridors in Madison County, DeSoto County, and the Gulf Coast continue to outpace rural interior counties in buyer absorption and valuation stability.

Market & county intel reports · Mississippi
Deep property reports · latest 1 researched here
Latest readings
Median sale price
$284,900
Divergent · 45.1% from published 2024 series — validation case open, publishes pending verdict
Median price / sq ft
$155
Median days on market
72
Active listings
21,800
Listings with price cuts
21.4%
Median price change YoY
+7.3%
Closed sales (monthly)
1,820
Months of supply
4.1
Sale-to-list ratio
96.8%
Median asking rent
$1,395/mo
Population
2,940,057
Median household income
$52,719
Avg effective property tax rate
0.75%
State Market ScoreZIP-SCORE-1.3 · 4/4 sections graded
66
Composite · average of graded sections
Computed only from this report's published readings — sections without data are excluded, never estimated.
63
Growth/100

Median prices moved up 2.6% year over year.

83
Liquidity/100

Homes spend a median of 51 days on market with 0.4 months of supply — a fast-moving market.

50
Momentum/100

0% of listings have cut prices · homes sell at 17.84% of asking — demand is holding steady.

69
Safety & stability/100

8 foreclosure-ledger notices — 0.0 per 10,000 residents · unemployment 5.4% · poverty 19.1% — a mixed stability profile.

Immigration & foreign-bornU.S. Census Bureau ACS · state granular
Foreign-born share
2.4%
Foreign-born residents
71,918
Naturalized (of foreign-born)
40.7%
Non-citizens (of population)
1.4%
Entered 2010 or later (of foreign-born)
41.7%
World region of birth (foreign-born)
Americas
52.7%
Asia
31.2%
Europe
9.2%
Africa
6.1%
Oceania
0.9%

ACS 2024 5-year estimates. Aggregate published statistics for this state — never individual records, and never an attribute of any individual property or resident. Federal enforcement activity is presented only at the state tier as regional context — never imputed onto any county, city, ZIP, neighborhood or parcel beneath it.

Deterministic roll-up
82 of 82 counties contributed
Median sale price
$197,820
Median price / sq ft
$103
Median days on market
51.39
Active listings
28,091.25
Listings with price cuts
0.27%
Median price change YoY
+2.56%
Closed sales (monthly)
4,108.49
Months of supply
0.37
Sale-to-list ratio
17.84%
Median asking rent
$581/mo
Population
2,965,342
Median household income
$52,691
Distress filings (ledger)
8

Deterministic aggregate of 82 researched counties — sales_count-weighted (population fallback); per point, children lacking the value or its weight are excluded. Tax rates, sentiment and context notes are tier-native and never roll.

Median home value · ten-year trajectory & projection

Mississippi — researched statewide history with a deterministic 1 / 3 / 5-year projection

2015201620172018201920202021202220232024202520272029$90,000$135,000$180,000$225,000$270,000

Solid: researched ten-year history · dotted: 1 / 3 / 5-year projection extended from the historical 5.8%/yr trend — a deterministic estimate, not a published forecast or guarantee.

State spotlight · the factual leaderscomputed only from researched reports' published readings
Hottest city
Gulfport
heat 48/100
median $205,000
-6% YoY
69 days on market
21% of listings cut
Hottest county
Issaquena County
heat 93/100
median $110,800
+22.2% YoY
0 days on market
0% of listings cut
Most discounted
Clay County
30% of listings cut price
median $155,767
-1.3% YoY
46 days on market
30% of listings cut
Fastest mover
Itawamba County
7 median days on market
median $250,000
0% YoY
7 days on market
0% of listings cut
Distress spotlight
Jefferson County
7 verified ledger filing(s)
10.3 filings per 10,000 residents
county-record verified foreclosure postings
What's hot · what's notheat 0-100 · price direction, pace, negotiation strength, discount pressure
Hot · rising demand

highest heat scores

1Issaquena Countycounty+22.2% YoY93
2Benton Countycounty+11.1% YoY91
3Covington Countycounty+11.5% YoY88
4Oktibbeha Countycounty+86.5% YoY83
5Kemper Countycounty+11.4% YoY81
Not · cooling demand

lowest heat scores

1Adams Countycounty-10.3% YoY25
2Grenada Countycounty-2.8% YoY33
3Jefferson Countycounty-20.6% YoY33
4Carroll Countycounty-9.7% YoY34
5Jasper Countycounty-9.7% YoY34
Amenities & attractions5 retained amenities · 3 developments on the horizon

The amenity base that shapes daily life and property demand in this state — what residents actually live with, and what the pipeline is adding.

Inside this state
Gulf Islands National Seashore
National Park & Waterfront

Preserves barrier island wilderness, white-sand beaches, and coastal waterways near Ocean Springs and Biloxi, drawing outdoor enthusiasts, boaters, and relocation interest.

Natchez Trace Parkway
National Scenic Parkway

A 444-mile historic scenic byway stretching through central and northeastern Mississippi, offering premier hiking, road cycling, and continuous parkland access.

Ross Barnett Reservoir
Waterfront Recreation

A 33,000-acre impoundment northeast of Jackson offering extensive sailing, powerboating, tournament bass fishing, and waterfront residential living.

B.B. King Museum & Delta Interpretive Center
Cultural District & Museum

World-renowned cultural anchor in Indianola celebrating the birth of the American Delta blues, driving cultural tourism across the Mississippi Delta.

Biloxi Casino & Entertainment District
Entertainment & Resort District

Waterfront resort, golf, and gaming destination featuring major hotel towers, live entertainment venues, marina complexes, and coastal dining.

On the horizon · announced & under construction
Amazon Web Services Data Center CampusesTechnology InfrastructureUnder Construction$10 billion investment across two industrial parks in Madison County, representing the single largest capital investment in Mississippi history.
Amplify Cell Technologies Joint VentureAdvanced ManufacturingUnder ConstructionA $1.9 billion commercial electric vehicle battery gigafactory in Marshall County developed by Accelera by Cummins, Daimler Truck, and PACCAR.
Nissan Canton Vehicle Assembly ModernizationAutomotive ManufacturingUnder ConstructionA $500 million factory retooling to produce next-generation all-electric passenger sedans and crossovers in central Mississippi.
Area context
Crime & safety

Violent and property crime rates vary sharply across Mississippi, with urban cores like Jackson recording crime rates significantly above regional benchmarks while suburban enclaves in Madison, Rankin, and DeSoto counties report rates well below national medians. Recent FBI UCR trends indicate stabilizing to slightly declining overall index crimes across suburban and Gulf Coast jurisdictions.

Schools & education

Public school performance across Mississippi is bifurcated, anchored by top-tier accountability rankings in districts such as Madison County, Clinton, and Ocean Springs, contrasted against historically challenged urban and rural Delta districts. The state has recorded steady improvements on the National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) literacy metrics, often cited regionally as the 'Mississippi Miracle.'

Environmental & hazard

The coastal tier faces substantial hurricane, storm-surge, and wind hazards, necessitating mandatory windstorm coverage and NFIP participation, while inland and Delta areas experience recurrent riverine flooding and severe convective storm or tornado risks. Coastal and storm-exposed homeowner insurance premiums have risen significantly over recent underwriting cycles.

Growth & development

Mississippi's economic pipeline is led by major industrial developments including Amazon Web Services' $10 billion data center complex in Madison County and the Amplify Cell Technologies battery plant in Marshall County. Advanced automotive manufacturing, aerospace defense corridors, and maritime industrial shipbuilding along the Gulf Coast anchor durable employment expansion.

Taxation

Composed from the ARED governance burden registry — tier-native tax structure (state + county + city + special districts), never averaged. Federal (United States (federal)) — Federal General Tax Lien Encumbrance: Under IRC § 6321, a statutory lien arises automatically as of the date of assessment and attaches to all real property owned or acquired by the taxpayer. Upon the IRS filing a Notice of Federal Tax Lien (NFTL) in local county land records under IRC § 6323, it perfects priority against subsequent pur Federal (United States (federal)) — Foreign Investment in Real Property Tax Act (FIRPTA) Tax Withholding: Imposes an absolute statutory obligation on the transferee/buyer to withhold gross tax from the total amount realized (purchase price) upon disposition and remit it to the IRS within 20 days using Forms 8288 and 8288-A. Rate structure and formula: Base statutory withholding rate is 15% of the gross

Recreation & amenities

Mississippi provides abundant recreational amenities ranging from the white-sand beaches, coastal barrier islands, and deep-sea fishing of the Gulf Coast to inland boating and angling on the Ross Barnett Reservoir. Extensive outdoor networks include the scenic Natchez Trace Parkway, premier golf resorts, state parks, and rich Delta blues cultural trails.

Rental market

Rental demand remains strongest in high-employment and university submarkets including Oxford, Starkville, DeSoto County, and the Gulfport-Biloxi metro. Statewide median asking rent hovers near $1,395 per month with moderate vacancy rates, while investor activity is primarily focused on suburban single-family rentals and college town multifamily portfolios.

Economy & employers

Mississippi's gross domestic product is driven by automotive assembly, advanced defense shipbuilding, aerospace components, commercial agriculture, and healthcare systems. Recent economic acceleration is powered by historic high-tech mega-project industrial announcements in Madison and Marshall counties.

Transportation & infrastructure

Major arterial corridors including Interstate 55, Interstate 20, and Interstate 59 carry freight and commuter traffic through central and coastal hubs, complemented by deepwater marine commerce at the Ports of Gulfport and Pascagoula and commercial aviation at Jackson-Medgar Wiley Evers International Airport.

Development pipeline

The state's capital investment pipeline is dominated by megasite megaprojects including battery cell manufacturing in the northern border region and mega-scale hyperscale data center construction in the central Madison County submarket.

Special districts

Parcels across Mississippi may be subject to municipal special improvement districts (PIDs), drainage districts, and local community college ad valorem levies in addition to base county and municipal school millages.

Insurance & hazard market

Property insurance conditions vary by zone; the six southern coastal counties experience tight underwriting capacity and elevated wind-pool deductibles managed through the Mississippi Windstorm Underwriting Association, while interior counties face rising premiums driven by severe convective wind and hail events.

Migration & population flows

IRS SOI migration data reflects modest net domestic out-migration from urban Jackson and the Delta, heavily offset by steady in-migration into DeSoto County from the greater Memphis metro and into coastal Harrison and Jackson counties.

Foreclosure doctrine

Mississippi is primarily a non-judicial foreclosure state operating under a power-of-sale clause within Deeds of Trust. Legal notice of foreclosure sale must be published in a local county newspaper once a week for three consecutive weeks prior to auction, and there is no statutory post-sale right of redemption for borrowers once the sale is confirmed.

Disclosure doctrine

Under Mississippi Code § 89-1-501 et seq., residential sellers must deliver a written Real Estate Transfer Disclosure Statement disclosing known structural, environmental, roof, plumbing, and mechanical defects prior to contract execution. Failure to disclose known defects exposes the seller to liability for actual damages.

Discovery profileACS 2022 5-year estimates
Census profile · Mississippi
Population
2,940,057
Median age
38.3 yrs
Owner-occupancy
69.2%
Median home value
$162,300
Median gross rent
$898
Median household income
$52,719
Median year built
1987
Vacancy rate
14.8%
Renter share
30.8%
Owner cost burden
21.6%
Renter cost burden
47.9%
Population change
-0.7%
Net migration
-4,120
Work-from-home share
6.8%
Mean commute
25.4 min
Bachelor's or higher
24.3%
Unemployment
5.4%
Poverty rate
19.1%
Avg household size
2.52
White alone (non-Hispanic)
55.4%
Black or African American alone (non-Hispanic)
37.2%
Hispanic or Latino
3.7%
Asian alone (non-Hispanic)
1.1%
Two or more races (non-Hispanic)
2.1%
Other
0.5%

Data pulled from U.S. Census Bureau ACS tables for Mississippi state level (B01003, B01002, B25003, B03002, B25077, B25064, B19013, B25034, B25002, B25091, B25070, B08024, B08013, B15003, B23025, B17001, B25010).

Major employers & industries
Ingalls Shipbuilding (Huntington Ingalls Industries)Defense & Marine ManufacturingApproximately 11,500 employees
University of Mississippi Medical Center (UMMC)Healthcare & Academic MedicineApproximately 10,000 employees
Nissan North America (Canton Assembly Plant)Automotive ManufacturingApproximately 5,000 employees
Keesler Air Force BaseMilitary & DefenseOver 11,000 military, civilian, and contractor personnel
Sanderson Farms (Wayne-Sanderson Farms)Agribusiness & Food ProcessingOver 8,000 statewide employees
Latest refresh summary

Mississippi's housing market demonstrates balanced, steady conditions, with median listing prices near $285,000 to $298,000 and home values appreciating modestly year-over-year. Rising active inventory has brought median days on market to 72 days, offering prospective buyers improved negotiating leverage while preserving equity for long-term homeowners. High-growth employment corridors in Madison County, DeSoto County, and the Gulf Coast continue to outpace rural interior counties in buyer absorption and valuation stability.

Sources · 7 cited
Market signals — layered trendsMississippi · 8 charts · one line per tier in the chain

Forecasts are for speculation only and should not be used as a deciding factor in any transaction. Projections trend strictly from calculable historical values — the platform cannot predict market movements, market sentiment, or the market itself.

Assessed-value momentum — YoY
county-assessed values · 5-yr historical · 1-yr forecast at the trailing 3-read mean · no-roll-up tiers: own refresh series
Awaiting measured historycharts once enough refresh-cycle reads accumulate

Awaiting measured history — this chart renders once enough refresh-cycle reads accumulate (a one-point series is not a trend).

Assessed value — dollar levels
raw district CAD assessed levels · 5-yr historical · 1-yr forecast · property mix varies with coverage
Awaiting measured historycharts once enough refresh-cycle reads accumulate

Awaiting measured history — this chart renders once enough refresh-cycle reads accumulate (a one-point series is not a trend).

Assessed value — indexed trajectory
YoY-chained index · base 100 at each line's first charted year · 5-yr historical · 1-yr forecast
Awaiting measured historycharts once enough refresh-cycle reads accumulate

Awaiting measured history — this chart renders once enough refresh-cycle reads accumulate (a one-point series is not a trend).

Comp sales — month over month
nearby comp sales vs the assessed anchor · 5-yr window · 1-yr projection
Awaiting measured historycharts once enough refresh-cycle reads accumulate

Awaiting measured history — this chart renders once enough refresh-cycle reads accumulate (a one-point series is not a trend).

Active inventory — month over month
5-yr window · 1-yr projection
Awaiting measured historycharts once enough refresh-cycle reads accumulate

Awaiting measured history — this chart renders once enough refresh-cycle reads accumulate (a one-point series is not a trend).

Liquidity velocity — days on market
5-yr window · 1-yr projection
Awaiting measured historycharts once enough refresh-cycle reads accumulate

Awaiting measured history — this chart renders once enough refresh-cycle reads accumulate (a one-point series is not a trend).

Price-cut share
5-yr window · 1-yr projection
Awaiting measured historycharts once enough refresh-cycle reads accumulate

Awaiting measured history — this chart renders once enough refresh-cycle reads accumulate (a one-point series is not a trend).

Foreclosure presence
5-yr window · 1-yr projection
Awaiting measured historycharts once enough refresh-cycle reads accumulate

Awaiting measured history — this chart renders once enough refresh-cycle reads accumulate (a one-point series is not a trend).

Standard trend model — solid = measured history · dashed = projection anchored at each line's last measured point, following that series' trailing pace (CAGR capped ±12%/yr) or trailing mean · projections are estimates, not measured reads · every charted series runs the standard 5-year historical window with a 1-year forecast, trimmed from the full retained ledger — the forecast always extends into the future year (a lagging ledger bridges to it) and stops there on purpose: authoritative, not wizardry · every price line is county-assessed value from the district CAD — the tier's same-parcel assessment roll-up on the momentum tile, the assessed trajectory in raw dollar levels and as a YoY-chained index (base 100), and the month-over-month pace from nearby comparable sales pooled from the research track; a tier without comps yet keeps its pace story with the assessed trend. Inventory, liquidity, price-cut and foreclosure lines run on the platform's own measured series.

Foreclosure ledgerMississippi · open the full ledger
Recorded notices
0
Statutory trustee notices in scope
Upcoming sales
0
No dated sale in the current set
Distress weight
0.0
per 10,000 residents
Weight band
LOW WEIGHT

No recorded foreclosure notices for Mississippi yet. Counties ingest on the scheduled rotation — absence here reads as no recorded notices, not as verified zero distress.

Jurisdictional burden contextinherited governance · most-local first
Federal · United States (federal)
Servicemembers Civil Relief Act (SCRA) Foreclosure and Eviction RestraintsForeclosure doctrineConditional

applies when — Parcel encumbered by a mortgage or occupied by a residential tenant where the mortgagor or lessee entered active-duty military service.

Stays non-judicial foreclosure proceedings, property seizure, and eviction for parcels owned or leased by qualifying servicemembers. Foreclosure or distress sales initiated during military service or within one year after service are strictly invalid and void unless conducted pursuant to a valid court order or an express written waiver executed during or after military service.

Servicemembers Civil Relief Act of 2003 (Pub. L. 108-189; 50 U.S.C. § 3953 and 50 U.S.C. § 3955), originally enacted as the Soldiers' and Sailors' Civil Relief Act of 1940; amended by the Military Spouses Residency Relief Act.

Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA) Superfund LiensTaxationConditional

applies when — Parcel where the federal government (EPA) has incurred response costs for cleanup or remediation of hazardous substance releases, and the parcel owner was provided written notice of potential liability.

Establishes a statutory federal lien upon the parcel running in favor of the United States for all unrecovered cleanup costs, damages, and statutory interest incurred by the EPA. Rate and formula: Direct Dollar-for-Dollar Reimbursement (Lien Amount = Incurred Response Costs + Administrative Costs + Statutory Interest under 42 U.S.C. § 9607(a)). Exemptions: Bona Fide Prospective Purchasers (BFPP) and Innocent Landowners under the Small Business Liability Relief and Brownfields Revitalization Act are exempt from personal liability if they perform All Appropriate Inquiries (AAI Phase I ESA) prior to purchase and comply with ongoing continuing obligations, though a 'windfall lien' may still attach to the parcel up to the unearned increase in fair market value attributable to the response action.

CERCLA of 1980, Section 107(l) (42 U.S.C. § 9607(l)) and Section 107(r) (Windfall Liens), as amended by SARA (1986) and the Brownfields Revitalization Act of 2002.

Endangered Species Act Section 9 Parcel Take ProhibitionsLand use & zoningConditional

applies when — Parcel contains designated critical habitat or supports listed threatened or endangered animal species under the Endangered Species Act.

Makes it unlawful to 'take' listed species (including significant habitat modification or degradation that impairs breeding, feeding, or sheltering). Precludes parcel clearing, tree removal, earthmoving, or construction unless the property owner prepares an approved Habitat Conservation Plan (HCP) and secures an Incidental Take Permit under Section 10(a) or receives Section 7 interagency consultation clearance.

Endangered Species Act of 1973, 16 U.S.C. §§ 1538-1539; 50 CFR Parts 17 and 222.

National Historic Preservation Act (NHPA) Section 106 ComplianceLand use & zoningConditional

applies when — Parcel contains a historic property listed on, or eligible for listing on, the National Register of Historic Places, subject to an undertaking involving federal permits, licenses, funding, or loan guarantees (e.g., HUD, USDA, or USACE approvals).

Mandates federal agencies to evaluate the effect of the proposed residential undertaking on historic properties and consult with State Historic Preservation Officers (SHPO) and Tribal Historic Preservation Officers (THPO). Restricts structural alterations, ground disturbance, demolition, or aesthetic elevations that cause adverse effects, often requiring formal Memoranda of Agreement (MOA) and mitigation measures.

National Historic Preservation Act of 1966, recodified at 54 U.S.C. § 306108; implementing regulations at 36 CFR Part 800.

Clean Water Act Section 404 Wetland and Waters RegulationLand use & zoningConditional

applies when — Parcel contains delineated 'waters of the United States' (WOTUS), including jurisdictional wetlands, streams, or navigable waterways.

Prohibits the discharge of dredged or fill material into jurisdictional waters on the parcel without an individual or nationwide permit issued by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE). Restricts residential site grading, bulkheading, retention pond construction, or development footprints, and may require expensive compensatory mitigation or off-site wetland credits to disturb designated acreage.

Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments of 1972 (Clean Water Act), 33 U.S.C. § 1344; joint regulations at 33 CFR Parts 320-332 and 40 CFR Part 230.

VA Minimum Property Requirements (MPRs) for Loan GuarantyBuilding & codesConditional

applies when — Parcel securing a residential loan guaranteed under the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) Home Loan program.

Imposes mandatory VA Minimum Property Requirements (MPRs) ensuring the residential dwelling is safe, structurally sound, and sanitary. Mandates specific parcel covenants, including permanent year-round vehicular access, dedicated continuous utilities, separation from environmental/industrial hazards (such as high-voltage lines or pipeline easements), and certified termite/wood-destroying insect clearance in designated infestation zones.

Servicemen's Readjustment Act of 1944; 38 U.S.C. Chapter 37; 38 CFR Part 36; VA Pamphlet 26-7 (Lenders Handbook), Chapter 12.

Federal Housing Administration (FHA) Minimum Property Standards & Loan CeilingsBuilding & codesConditional

applies when — Parcel securing a residential purchase or refinance financed through an FHA-insured Title II mortgage.

Binds the parcel to HUD's Minimum Property Standards (MPS) covering basic safety, soundness, and security (e.g., structural integrity, adequate heating, safe potable water, clear drainage, lead-free surfaces). Imposes parcel-level statutory loan limits capping the insurable mortgage amount by county/MSA (ranging from the national 'floor' to the national 'ceiling' based on median county home prices). Non-compliant property deficiencies must be cured as a condition precedent to endorsement.

National Housing Act of 1934; 12 U.S.C. § 1709; 24 CFR Part 200, Subpart S; HUD Handbook 4000.1 (Single Family Housing Policy Handbook), adjusted annually by HUD Mortgagee Letters.

Foreign Investment in Real Property Tax Act (FIRPTA) WithholdingTaxationConditional

applies when — Disposition of a United States Real Property Interest (USRPI) where the transferor (seller) is a foreign person (non-resident alien individual, foreign corporation, foreign partnership, trust, or estate).

Imposes an affirmative withholding tax obligation on the transferee (buyer) to withhold and remit tax on the gross amount realized (gross sales price). The statutory base withholding rate is 15% of the total purchase price (Formula: Tax = Amount Realized × 15%). Exemptions and reductions: (1) 0% withholding applies if the amount realized is $300,000 or less AND the buyer certifies personal residence occupancy for at least 50% of days used over each of the first two 12-month periods; (2) reduced withholding rate of 10% applies if the amount realized exceeds $300,000 but does not exceed $1,000,000 and the buyer meets the personal residence requirement (Formula: Tax = Amount Realized × 10%); (3) withholding can be reduced or eliminated if an IRS Withholding Certificate (Form 8288-B) is obtained or if the seller furnishes a Non-Foreign Status Certification.

Internal Revenue Code Section 1445 (26 U.S.C. § 1445), originally enacted under FIRPTA of 1980; standard rate increased from 10% to 15% under the Protecting Americans from Tax Hikes (PATH) Act of 2015, effective February 16, 2016.

Federal Residential Lead-Based Paint Hazard Reduction Disclosure (Title X)Disclosure & transactionConditional

applies when — Residential 'target housing' constructed prior to 1978 offered for sale or lease (excluding zero-bedroom dwellings, housing for the elderly or persons with disabilities unless a child under 6 resides there, and certified lead-free properties).

Requires sellers and landlords to disclose known lead-based paint and lead-based paint hazards, provide all available evaluation reports/records, provide the EPA-approved informational pamphlet 'Protect Your Family From Lead in Your Home', and grant prospective buyers a 10-day inspection period (subject to mutual written waiver). Parties must execute a formal disclosure attachment; failure exposes non-compliant parties to statutory civil penalties and treble damages.

Residential Lead-Based Paint Hazard Reduction Act of 1992 (Title X of Pub. L. 102-550; 42 U.S.C. § 4852d); joint HUD/EPA regulations at 24 CFR Part 35, Subpart A and 40 CFR Part 745, Subpart F.

Fair Housing Act Parcel Design, Construction, and Accessibility StandardsBuilding & codesConditional

applies when — The parcel contains covered multifamily residential dwellings designed and constructed for first occupancy after March 13, 1991 (defined as all dwelling units in buildings with 4 or more units with an elevator, or ground floor dwelling units in buildings with 4 or more units without an elevator).

Imposes mandatory physical structural criteria on the parcel improvements: (1) accessible building entrance on an accessible route, (2) accessible public and common use areas, (3) usable doors for wheelchairs, (4) accessible routes into and through each dwelling unit, (5) light switches, electrical outlets, and environmental controls in accessible locations, (6) reinforced bathroom walls for grab bar installation, and (7) usable kitchens and bathrooms permitting wheelchair maneuvering. Non-conforming improvements require mandatory structural retrofits and subject developers/owners to federal civil actions.

Fair Housing Amendments Act of 1988 (42 U.S.C. 3604(f)(3)(C)); HUD regulations at 24 CFR 100.205.

Servicemembers Civil Relief Act (SCRA) Mortgage Foreclosure MoratoriumForeclosure doctrineConditional

applies when — The parcel secures a residential mortgage originated before the property owner entered active military service, where the debt is enforced during or within one year after active military service.

Restricts lender foreclosure rights by nullifying any non-judicial foreclosure, sale, or seizure of the residential parcel without a court order or valid written waiver executed by the servicemember during or after active duty. Courts are empowered to stay foreclosure proceedings or adjust loan payments. Foreclosing without a court order constitutes a federal criminal misdemeanor and exposes the lender to civil damages.

50 U.S.C. 3953; codified originally as the Soldiers' and Sailors' Civil Relief Act of 1940, modernized under the Servicemembers Civil Relief Act of 2003 (Pub. L. 108-189).

Federal General Tax Lien EncumbranceTaxationConditional

applies when — The residential parcel is owned by a person or entity that has neglected or refused to pay any assessed federal tax liability (income, gift, estate, or payroll tax) after formal demand.

Under IRC § 6321, a statutory lien arises automatically as of the date of assessment and attaches to all real property owned or acquired by the taxpayer. Upon the IRS filing a Notice of Federal Tax Lien (NFTL) in local county land records under IRC § 6323, it perfects priority against subsequent purchasers, mortgagees, and judgment lien creditors. Rate and computation: The lien secures 100% of the underlying unpaid tax assessment, plus compounding interest under IRC § 6621 (the federal short-term rate plus 3 percentage points) and statutory late-payment penalties under IRC § 6651 (0.5% per month, up to a maximum cap of 25%). No parcel-level homestead exemption exists under federal law against an IRC § 7403 judicial foreclosure or tax collection lien.

Internal Revenue Code (IRC) §§ 6321, 6322, 6323.

EPA Lead Renovation, Repair, and Painting (RRP) RuleBuilding & codesConditional

applies when — The parcel is improved with target residential housing built before 1978 undergoing renovation, repair, or painting activities for compensation that disturb more than 6 sq. ft. of interior painted surface or 20 sq. ft. of exterior painted surface.

Legally prohibits uncertified contractors from performing qualifying physical alterations on the home. Contractors must be EPA-certified and adhere to specific lead-safe containment, containment plastic barriers, HEPA vacuuming, and cleaning verification protocols. Imposes strict recordkeeping burdens and exposes property alterations to federal administrative stop-work orders and civil fines for uncontained lead dust contamination.

Promulgated under TSCA § 402(c)(3) (15 U.S.C. 2682); codified at 40 CFR Part 745, Subpart E; fully effective April 22, 2010.

Clean Water Act Section 404 Waters of the United States (WOTUS) PermittingLand use & zoningConditional

applies when — The parcel contains wetlands, streams, or waterways that meet the definition of 'Waters of the United States' (WOTUS) as delineated under the Clean Water Act.

Prohibits the discharge of dredged or fill material into jurisdictional wetlands or waters without a permit issued by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE). Restricts residential site grading, driveway installation, structural foundation expansion, or shoreline bulkheading; unauthorized fill mandates compulsory site restoration and subjects parcel owners to civil penalties exceeding $50,000 per day under 33 U.S.C. 1319.

Federal Water Pollution Control Act (Clean Water Act), 33 U.S.C. 1344; current delineation criteria governed in accordance with Sackett v. EPA (2023) and conforming federal rulemaking (40 CFR Part 120 / 33 CFR Part 328).

Federal Historic Preservation Review Encumbrance (Section 106)Land use & zoningConditional

applies when — The residential parcel is listed in or eligible for listing in the National Register of Historic Places, or lies within an eligible historic district, and involves an action subject to federal agency funding, permitting, licensing, or mortgage assistance (e.g., HUD/FHA, VA, USDA, or USACE permits).

Federal agencies must assess adverse effects on historic resources prior to approving loans, grants, or permits. Parcel alterations, demolitions, or rehabilitation programs that receive federal assistance are subjected to binding Section 106 consultation with the State Historic Preservation Officer (SHPO) and must adhere to the Secretary of the Interior's Standards for the Treatment of Historic Properties, restricting unapproved structural modifications or exterior elevation changes.

National Historic Preservation Act of 1966 (54 U.S.C. 306108, formerly 16 U.S.C. 470f); regulations codified at 36 CFR Part 800.

FHA / HUD Single-Family Property Standards and County Loan LimitsLending & financingConditional

applies when — The parcel is being purchased or refinanced using FHA-insured Title II financing under the National Housing Act.

Restricts financing eligibility based on parcel and structural criteria: (1) County Loan Limits cap the maximum insurable mortgage balance per parcel based on local median housing costs (ranging from a federal statutory floor of 65% of the national conforming limit up to a statutory ceiling of 150%). (2) Imposes mandatory HUD Minimum Property Standards (MPS; HUD Handbook 4000.1 / 24 CFR Part 200) requiring mandatory appraisal repair escrows or seller cures for deficiencies regarding structural soundness, safety, soil stability, drainage, well/septic separation buffers, and lead paint encapsulation before loan endorsement.

National Housing Act of 1934, as amended (12 U.S.C. 1709); annual loan limit updates promulgated under the Housing and Economic Recovery Act of 2008 (HERA).

Foreign Investment in Real Property Tax Act (FIRPTA) Tax WithholdingTaxationConditional

applies when — The parcel constitutes a U.S. Real Property Interest (USRPI) transferred or disposed of by a 'foreign person' (non-resident alien individual, foreign corporation, foreign partnership, or foreign trust/estate).

Imposes an absolute statutory obligation on the transferee/buyer to withhold gross tax from the total amount realized (purchase price) upon disposition and remit it to the IRS within 20 days using Forms 8288 and 8288-A. Rate structure and formula: Base statutory withholding rate is 15% of the gross sales price. Residential personal residence exemption computation: (1) If the gross sales price does not exceed $300,000 AND the buyer (or family member) intends to use the parcel as a personal residence for at least 50% of days used during each of the first two 12-month periods, the withholding rate is 0%. (2) If the gross sales price exceeds $300,000 but does not exceed $1,000,000 and meets the same personal residence test, the withholding rate is reduced to 10% of the gross sales price. (3) For all sales exceeding $1,000,000, or where the buyer does not satisfy the personal residence requir

Internal Revenue Code (IRC) § 1445; enacted via the Foreign Investment in Real Property Tax Act of 1980, with standard rate increased from 10% to 15% pursuant to the PATH Act of 2015.

Residential Lead-Based Paint Hazard Reduction Act (Title X) DisclosureDisclosure & transactionConditional

applies when — The parcel is improved with 'target housing,' defined as any residential dwelling constructed prior to 1978, except housing for the elderly or persons with disabilities (unless a child under age 6 resides or is expected to reside there) or 0-bedroom dwellings.

Before a purchaser or lessee becomes obligated under any contract to buy or lease, the seller or landlord must: (1) provide an EPA-approved lead hazard information pamphlet ('Protect Your Family From Lead In Your Home'), (2) disclose any known lead-based paint or hazards and provide all available records/evaluations, (3) attach a federal Lead Warning Statement and disclosure certification to the contract, and (4) afford buyers a mandatory 10-day mutual inspection period (waivable in writing) to conduct a risk assessment. Failure to comply exposes violators to civil liability, statutory treble damages, and administrative penalties up to statutory maximums per violation.

Enacted under Title X of the Housing and Community Development Act of 1992 (42 U.S.C. 4852d), implemented jointly by EPA and HUD at 40 CFR Part 745 / 24 CFR Part 35.

FEMA Special Flood Hazard Area — NFIP Mandatory Purchase RequirementHazard & insuranceConditional

applies when — Parcel contains improved real estate or a manufactured home situated within a FEMA-designated Special Flood Hazard Area (SFHA, such as Zones A or V / 100-year floodplain) in an NFIP-participating community, where financing is secured via a federally regulated, supervised, or insured lender (including GSEs, FHA, VA, USDA).

Mandates borrower to purchase and maintain flood insurance coverage (via NFIP or qualifying private flood insurance policy) for the term of the mortgage up to the lesser of the outstanding principal loan balance, the maximum NFIP statutory limit ($250,000 for residential 1-4 units), or the insurable value of the property. Lenders must escrow flood insurance premiums unless specific small-lender exceptions apply.

Established under the Flood Disaster Protection Act of 1973 (42 U.S.C. § 4012a) and National Flood Insurance Act of 1968, amended by the Biggert-Waters Flood Insurance Reform Act of 2012; private flood insurance acceptance regulations updated at 24 CFR Part 203 (FHA, 2022).

Governance registry — every jurisdiction re-researches on a rolling 90-day cycle. Property reports compose these inherited burdens into a per-parcel ledger with conditional determinations. Informational only — not legal advice.